- OpenAI’s own crawler and Labrador index — see ChatGPT has its own search index.
- Bright (very likely Bright Data) — scrapes Google’s web results directly, and separately scrapes Google Maps for local listings.
- Oxylabs — scrapes Google and feeds the news vertical specifically.
- A third SERP-scraping channel — tagged simply “serp”, also serving news plus a mixed local-results version.
- Yelp and TripAdvisor — treated as licensed partners for local data.
- Two anonymous internal pipes (b1 and b3) — b1 surfaces business websites and Facebook pages, b3 routes to Google Maps.
- Web IQ — Microsoft’s grounding platform (sub-165ms P95 latency), which Microsoft itself confirms already powers ChatGPT alongside Copilot and Nasdaq.
- Google: Malte Landwehr (CPO, Peec) picked a website with zero organic traffic and asked only ChatGPT about it on specific days — Google Search Console showed a traffic spike for that exact site on those days. ChatGPT still queries Google while grounding answers. This is also why a Google ranking loss carries into ChatGPT — see Losing Google rankings kills AI search visibility.
- Bing: shows up mainly in Deep Research — SSE events during Deep Research sessions reference Bing as a result source, as flagged by Peec researcher David Konitzny.
